Asian women are considerably less likely than other women to work in ‘office and administrative support’ occupations; and. In this role men make a median $1,629 per week, and women make $1,013. Data from Earnest showed the job title with the greatest gender pay gap was medical physicians. In general, the highest paid occupations have the biggest gender gaps; all but one of the ten occupations with the largest gender wage gaps have earnings that are higher than median earnings for all full-time workers ($886). When comparing the contributing factors in 1980 and 2010, we see that education and work experience have become much less important in explaining gender differences in wages over time, while occupation and industry have become more important. How does the gender imbalance across occupations happen Skip to Main Content. The gender wage gap is unadjusted and is calculated as the difference between average earnings of men and average earnings of women expressed as a percentage of average earnings of men. The wage gaps between Black female and male workers and Hispanic female and male workers are smaller than between all women and men, largely because the men in these groups have very low earnings, too.[16]. [8] Only 7.2 percent of women work in male-dominated occupations, while only 5.1 percent of men work in female-dominated occupations.[9]. However, these factors—particularly occupational differences between women and men—are themselves affected by gender bias. [3] Another measure of the gender earnings ratio based on median annual earnings for full-time, year-round work, which includes the self-employed and annual bonus and commission payments, was 81.1 percent (a gender wage gap of 18.9 percent) in 2017; 2018 data will not be published until fall 2019. “Usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers by intermediate occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity and Non-Hispanic ethnicity, Annual Average 2018.”. The gender wage gap among the 20 most common occupations is largest for ‘financial managers,’ with a gender earnings ratio for full-time work of 70.7 percent (corresponding to a wage gap of 29.3 percent, which amounts to $522 dollars less per week for women than men) and the second largest gap is for ‘retail salespersons’ with a ratio of 71.1 percent (corresponding to a wage gap of 28.9 percent or $221 less per week for women than men). The median earnings in female dominated occupations are lower than those in male domi-nated professions. Table 39. This is one of the reasons for the gender pay gap. The chart here shows a breakdown of the adjusted gender pay gaps in the US, factor by factor, in 1980 and 2010. When part-time workers are included, the share of women workers working in female-dominated occupations is lower, at 38.5 percent; the share of men workers in male-dominated occupations is also lower, at 41.8 percent; IWPR calculation based on U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. That translates to women earning 96.2% of what men earn. The Gender Wage Gap refers to the general gap between what similarly qualified men and women are paid for the same job. The gender pay gap is the result of many factors, including race and ethnicity, disability, access to education and age. Pay gaps often widen by age and job level, a ... Only respondents who chose exactly one of the above were included in our analysis of the gender pay gap by race. The occupation with the second largest pay gap is administrative services managers. Pathways to Equity: Narrowing the Wage Gap by Improving Women’s Access to Good Middle-Skill Jobs. The government now requires British companies with more than 250 employees to publish their gender pay gap data, but this will not happen in 2020 because of the coronavirus pandemic. However, whichever way it is measured, the gender pay gap still remains. The gender pay gap in the United States is the ratio of female-to-male median or average (depending on the source) yearly earnings among full-time, year-round workers. As of 2021 the most recent figures … 2019. “The Impact of Equal Pay on Poverty and the Economy.” IWPR Briefing Paper #C445; Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research . More than fifty years after the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination illegal, a gender earnings gap remains. When the gender pay gap … Undervalued and Underpaid in America: Women in Low-Wage, Female-Dominated Jobs Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research (accessed March 2019). Notes: These data reflect a race earnings gap in addition to a gender earnings gap. The gender wage gap differs by race and ethnicity. In 15 such occupations, the adjusted salary gap between … Female physicians had median earnings of $180,000 compared with $216,000 for their male counterparts. The earnings ratios for Asian women compared with Asian men, at 75.5 percent, and White women compared with White men, at 78.6 percent, are lower than the gender earnings ratio for the whole population (81.1 percent), and the wage gaps (24.5 percent and 21.5 percent respectively, compared with 18.9 percent) are larger. Women are generally considered to be paid less than men. What is the gender pay gap for your job? 2016. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.” (accessed March 28, 2019). Data to allow checking whether these differences are statistically significant are not published. Black and Hispanic women are more than twice as likely to work in ‘service’ occupations as White women. [ii] The occupation of ‘financial managers’ is 54.2 percent female, with median weekly earnings for full-time work of $1,207 for women and $1,897 for men; three other occupations—‘personal financial advisors’, ‘real estate brokers and sales agents’, and ‘credit counselors and loan officers’—have a gender earnings ratio of 67 percent or less (66.2, 65.7, and 64.7 percent, respectively); IWPR calculation based on U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019), as above. Table A-2. The gender pay gap across the architecture industry of 10.4% (median) and 15.2% (mean) in favour of men is a reflection of the gender imbalance at higher levels within practices. “Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex.” (retrieved March 2019). Financial support was provided by the Annie. While workers with a bachelor’s degree … [3], Altogether, there are just five occupations in which women’s median earnings are at least 105 percent of men’s, while there are 108 occupations in which women’s median earnings were 95 percent or less than men’s (that is, a wage gap of at least 5 cents per dollar earned by men). This occupation group has the highest median pay of any occupation (£21.90 per hour, excluding overtime, compared with £15.07 among all employee jobs) and therefore has a strong impact on the gender pay gap. Which jobs have the longest weekly hours? Across all construction trade occupations, women’s median weekly earnings were $785, compared with $834 for men, a gender earnings ratio of 94 percent.[11]. However, just as the gender wage gap can vary by occupation, job title, and company, some evidence indicates that within-job discrimination might be contributing to the gender wage gap in particular occupations or companies. Female-dominated occupations tend to have lower median earnings than male-dominated occupations, a pattern which has a particularly pernicious impact on the women who work in the lowest paid female-dominated occupations. N/A=No data or does not meet BLS publication criteria. [8] See note 5 above for definition of female- and male-dominated occupations. And consider this: part time work may not amount to much wage difference per hour worked, but it always results in bringing home less money by the end of the month. MBA pay. Unemployment rates in occupations by gender; Gender differences in the average working week; What are the best paid jobs? [5] See Ariane Hegewisch, Marc Bendick, Barbara Gault, and Heidi Hartmann. Search. Three of the 20 most common occupations for men have median male weekly earnings above $1,500, including one, ‘chief executives,’ at$2,488 per week; none of the most common occupations for women has female median weekly earnings at that level. < http://iwpr.org/publications/gender-wage-gap-2018/ >. 81% based on full-time employees. INTRODUCTION It is clear that occupational assignment plays a major role in the distribution of wages and hence it may influence the existence and measurement of the gender pay gap. … The gender wage gap, as measured by women’s share of men’s Hispanics may be of any race. See Ariane Hegewisch and Adiam Tesfaselassie. That is, even if men and women were found in the occupations in proportion to their total workforce, gender gaps would not be reduced to any great extent. The gender pay gap … The Gender Pay Gap by Occupation: A Test of the Crowding Hypothesis Solberg, Eric J. The paper systematically examines the degree to which the gender earnings gap in China is due to the differences in occupational distributions of males and females, highlighting that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions can under- or over- estimate the unexplained portion of the gender pay gap by controlling or not controlling for differences in the occupational distribution of … Waiter/waitress. “Gender pay gap is worse than thought: Study shows women actually earn half the income of men,” NBC announced recently in reference to a report titled “Still a Man’s Labor Market” by the Washington-based Institute for Women’s Policy Research, which found that women's income was 51 percent less than men’s earnings.. 2 Gender pay gap. Investing in the public care infrastructure will not only improve the pay and economic security of workers in those jobs, it will also make it easier for women and men with care responsibilities to stay economically active and advance in their careers. How the gender pay gap is calculated. Serious attempts to understand the gender wage gap should not include shifting the blame to women for not earning more. 2019. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor (accessed March 2019). But 85 percent would be eliminated if the pay gap within each occupation … Gender pay gap by occupation; Which jobs do men and women do? The state has narrowed its pay gap … The main reason that the gender pay gap in this occupation has shrunk is the declining pay … Public policy such as raising the minimum wage, which increases wages in the lowest-paid jobs, is especially important for women, and particularly women of color. Figure 5: Explore the gender pay gap … 2020. The gender wage gap appears to vary in size by education level, employment sector, occupation, and job title. [19] See Ariane Hegewisch and Heidi Hartmann. Yes. [12] See Hegewisch et al. [6] Men in ‘software developers, applications and systems software’—one the most common occupations for men and a male-dominated field—earn $1,894 per week for full-time work (compared with $1,644 for women; Table 2). [6] Teachers at the same level are generally paid similarly, and it is possible that the weekly wage differential of $166 shown here is due to women and men working at different job levels within this broad category for teachers, or possibly to more men than women taking on extra duties such as coaching or leading special programs. More education leads to higher earnings but the gender pay gap is wider among men and women with a bachelor’s degree than among those without. The worst paid jobs; What jobs have the most growth? However, in every occupation group the gender pay gap is in favour of men. gender wage gap within occupations are far larger than those across occupations. The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. The current gender wage gap in America, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), sits at slightly less than 82%. The gender pay gap is the percentage difference between men's and women’s median hourly earnings. [i] This fact sheet shows median weekly earnings for full-time (35 hours or more per week) wage and salaried workers ages 16 and older (excluding the self-employed) based on Current Population Survey (CPS) annual averages for the calendar year 2019. The gender pay gap is defined as the relative difference in the average gross earnings of women and men within an economy. There are two occupations in … The gender earnings gap is magnified by a racial and ethnic earnings gap. Search by organisation. The gender wage gap affects all types of women, not only those who earn middle-class wages. 2018. While low-wage work can be found across the economy, it is particularly prevalent in jobs that involve the education and care of children, the elderly, and the infirm, work that traditionally was done by women at home, and often continues to be done almost exclusively by women when it is paid. The occupation with the widest gap in earnings is ‘personal financial advisers,’ with a gender earnings ratio of just 61.3 percent. Tackling occupational segregation—many men working in occupations with other men, and many women working with other women—is an important part of eliminating the gender wage gap. [16] See Hegewisch and Hartmann 2019, at note 3 above. The within-occupation gap (not shown) fell from £1.63 to £0.82. Arkansas is the most improved. Table 1 shows the median weekly earnings and the gender earnings ratio in the 20 most common occupations for full-time working women. 2019. Copyright 2020 - Institute for Women's Policy Research | All Rights Reserved | Designed by, Center on the Economics of Reproductive Health, on The Gender Wage Gap by Occupation 2019, Building a Better Future for Women in New Orleans Post COVID-19: Opportunities for Women in Skilled Trade and Technical Jobs, Women’s Share of Unemployment Insurance Claimants varies Strongly Across States, Build(ing) the Future: Bold Policies for a Gender-Equitable Recovery, Despite modest employment gains, women still 5.5 million jobs below pre-pandemic level. 87%. IWPR is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization that also works in affiliation with the Program on Gender Analysis in Economics at American University. Women with MBAs -- a degree that can open doors to high-paying jobs in finance … Women’s median earnings are lower than men’s in nearly all occupations, whether they work in occupations predominantly done by women, occupations predominantly done by men, or occupations with a more even mix of men and women. Earnings data are made available only where there are an estimated minimum of 50,000 workers in an occupation; many occupations have fewer than 50,000 women and/or men working within them and earnings data are not published; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. It is not a measure of the difference in pay between men and women doing the same job. . Added to the gender wage gap within occupations is the gender wage gap between occupations. Gender Pay Gap Report Snapshot date: 31 March 2018 First Published: 28 February 2019 Updated: Prepared by: People and Organisation Development Team Classification: OFFICIAL Gateway Reference Number: 000454 Equal Pay is being paid equally for the same/similar work Pay Gap is the difference in the average pay between two groups. [9] When part-time workers are included, 6.0 percent of women work in nontraditional occupations for women, and 5.2 percent of men work in nontraditional occupations for men; source as note 7 above. ... experience and occupation. Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Ten of these 20 large occupations are female-dominated. [2] The occupation of ‘securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents’ is 33.5 percent female, with median weekly earnings for full-time work of $1,047 for women and $1,639 for men; three other occupations—‘physicians and surgeons,’ ‘sales and related workers, all others,’ and ‘credit counselors and loan officers’—have a gender earnings ratio of 67 percent or less (of 66.7, 66.0, and 65.7 percent respectively) ; men’s median weekly earnings are higher than $1,000 in each of these; IWPR calculation based on U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2018), as above. Male-dominated occupations tend to pay more than female-dominated occupations at similar skill levels. 2017. Table 1: The gender pay gap among full-time employees fell in seven of the nine main occupation groups Gender pay gap for median gross hourly earnings (excluding overtime) for full-time employees by occupation group, percentage point change, year ending April 2019; Occupation Hourly earnings (£) Gender pay gap Change from 2018; Managers, directors and senior officials: 22.07: 15.9: … Nearly every state has narrowed its gender pay gap since 2010. The 2018 SNAP eligibility threshold for a family of four at 130 percent of the poverty is $2,720 per month ($628 per week for 52 weeks); see U.S. Department of Agriculture. A further 23.3 million women are in occupations paying them full-time weekly earnings below SNAP eligibility, compared with 11.7 million men in occupations paying full-time weekly earnings below SNAP eligibility. The gender pay gap (or the gender wage gap) is a metric that tells us the difference in pay (or wages, or income) between women and men. The three largest occupations—‘elementary and middle school teachers,’ ‘registered nurses,’ and ‘secretaries and administrative assistants’—together employ 12.7 percent of all women. The gender pay gap … (The sample size in the Current Population Survey is not sufficient to provide earnings estimates by race and ethnicity at a more detailed occupational level, or for other racial or ethnic groups.). Where the gap is the smallest (sales and customer service occupations) the gender split is close to 50:50. 2014. The median earnings in female dominated occupations are lower than those in male domi-nated professions. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex.” (accessed February 5, 2020). Table 39. [7] Only five of the 20 most common occupations for men and the 20 most common occupations for women overlap (Tables 1 and 2). 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